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In the rugged landscape of Pakistan, where towering mountains remain cloaked in snow year-round, local farmers are innovating to combat water scarcity by constructing artificial ice formations. These structures, which take on the shape of cones reminiscent of Buddhist stupas, serve as a pivotal water storage system that gradually melts during the spring months when temperatures begin to rise.
Climate change is significantly altering weather patterns, particularly in Gilgit-Baltistan, a remote region that houses K2, the world’s second-highest peak. Warmer winters have resulted in diminished snowfall and a corresponding reduction in the seasonal snowmelt that is essential for sustaining the area’s water supply. As a result, farmers in the Skardu valley, situated at elevations of around 2,600 meters (8,200 feet) within the Karakoram mountain range, have sought solutions to irrigate their apple and apricot orchards.
Inspired by online resources, including videos showcasing innovative techniques, these farmers discovered the concept of artificial glaciers developed by Sonam Wangchuk, an environmental engineer from the Indian region of Ladakh. In response to their water needs, they have adapted his method by channeling water from streams and spraying it into the frigid air during the winter months, enabling it to freeze before it reaches the ground.
“The key is to ensure that the water comes out forcefully so that it forms ice in the cold air,” explained Zakir Hussain Zakir, a professor at the University of Baltistan. The resulting formations, echoing the design of Buddhist stupas, store water that gradually melts in the warmer springtime, effectively extending the water supply for local agriculture.
‘Ice Stupas’
Gilgit-Baltistan boasts an impressive 13,000 glaciers—more than any region outside the polar areas—and their striking beauty makes the area a prime tourist destination. The towering peaks and picturesque landscapes attract travelers along the historic Silk Road, leading to breathtaking views of cherry orchards, glaciers, and stunning blue lakes.
However, experts warn of challenges ahead. Sher Muhammad, a researcher with the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), notes that the annual water supply in this region has become increasingly dependent on snow melt during spring months, with glacial melt contributing only a small fraction. “In recent winters, we’ve seen less and less snowfall. It’s concerning,” he stated.
The initiative to create “ice stupas” first emerged in 2018, and since then, over 20 villages have adopted the technique. “This innovation has granted water access to more than 16,000 people without the need for traditional reservoirs,” explained Rashid-ud-Din, who oversees a UN-Pakistan project aimed at adapting to climate change effects. One farmer, Muhammad Raza, reported that his village, Hussainabad, managed to construct eight stupas that trapped nearly 20 million liters of water. “We’re no longer plagued by water shortages during the planting season,” he confirmed.
The advent of these artificial glaciers has transformed agricultural practices across the region, allowing for multiple growing seasons. Bashir Ahmed, a local farmer, noted, “Previously, we only planted in May, but now we can cultivate two or three times a year.” With climate change dramatically affecting temperatures—rising at twice the global average between 1981 and 2005—Pakistan’s inhabitants, 80% of whom live in arid or semi-arid conditions, are increasingly reliant on water sources originating from neighboring countries. Meanwhile, the risk of flooding looms as glaciers continue to melt rapidly in Pakistan and around the world.
“Ultimately, climate change impacts us all, whether rich or poor, urban or rural—we are all vulnerable,” expressed Yasir Parvi, a young resident of the area. “In our village, we took a leap of faith with the ice stupas.” This innovative approach not only illustrates adaptability in the face of environmental challenges but also highlights the community’s resilience and resourcefulness in securing a sustainable future amid a changing climate.
Source
phys.org