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Advancements in Plasmonic Modulators for Enhanced Optical Data Transmission

Plasmonic modulators play a pivotal role in converting electrical signals into optical signals for transmission through optical fibres. Recent breakthroughs from a research team led by Jürg Leuthold, an esteemed Professor of Photonics and Communications at ETH Zurich, have achieved a landmark in this field by successfully creating a modulator capable of transmitting data at frequencies surpassing one terahertz—an unprecedented feat. In contrast, earlier devices were limited to frequencies reaching only 100 to 200 gigahertz, significantly lower than this new achievement.

The implications of these advanced modulators are substantial, particularly in environments where vast amounts of data need to be relayed efficiently. They serve as a critical interface between electrical systems and optical data transmission. As Professor Leuthold notes, “Data is invariably in electrical form at its origin, and its transmission must incorporate optical fibres at some stage.”

With the advent of 6G mobile communications, which are poised to operate within the terahertz spectrum, these modulators are particularly timely. They facilitate seamless conversion of radio and other electrical signals into optical signals, enhancing efficiency within the communication infrastructure. Yannik Horst, a doctoral researcher involved in the project, highlights that this innovation will significantly bolster the performance of the cabling connecting base stations.

Broad Application Potential in Various Fields

Medical and Technological Innovations

The direct integration of terahertz signals into optical fibre systems has traditionally been complex and expensive, necessitating multiple components for effective signal transfer. The newly developed modulators streamline this process, considerably cutting down energy consumption and boosting accuracy in measurements. Furthermore, they offer the flexibility of operating across an extensive range of frequencies—from 10 megahertz to 1.14 terahertz—making them suitable for diverse applications. “We provide comprehensive coverage of the entire frequency spectrum with just one device, showcasing remarkable versatility,” explains Horst.

Beyond telecommunications, these modulators hold promise for optical fibre data transfer in high-performance computing centres. Their applications extend to advanced measurement technologies—a vital element in medical imaging techniques, material analysis via spectroscopic methods, baggage screening at airports, and radar technology. It is noteworthy that several devices intended for use in the terahertz domain are already in operation today.

The innovative modulator consists of a minuscule nanostructure made from a blend of materials, including gold, capitalizing on the interaction between light and free electrons. This technology was pioneered at ETH Zurich, with the manufacturing of the device carried out by Polariton Technologies, a spin-off from Leuthold’s research group. Currently, the company is focused on commercializing the terahertz modulator, aiming to establish its applications in future data transmission and measurement technologies.

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