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A significant number of adults in the United States have consumed alcohol at some point in their lives, but experts caution that its use may serve as a “gateway drug” leading to more dangerous substances.
According to the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), over 84% of adults in the U.S. have reported alcohol consumption at some time in their lives.
This survey also highlighted that more than 21% of underage Americans between the ages of 12 and 17 had consumed alcohol.
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Defining ‘gateway drugs’
Dr. Kenneth Spielvogel, a senior medical officer at Carrara Treatment in California, describes a “gateway drug” as a substance that paves the way for individuals to experiment with other, potentially more harmful drugs.
He notes that while marijuana is often labeled as a common gateway drug, alcohol has an even more potent influence as it can lead users to harder substances like cocaine and heroin, both of which are linked to dangerous behaviors, such as impaired driving.
“Alcohol maintains a firm grip on a large portion of the adult population.”
Spielvogel acknowledges the serious implications of alcohol, stating, “Any substance that impairs judgment is potentially a gateway drug, in my opinion — however, alcohol is the king of this.” He adds, “I have personally witnessed how those suffering from hangovers may turn to meth or cocaine for relief.”
The gateway effect of alcohol
Clinical psychotherapist Chris Tuell, an addiction specialist at the Lindner Center in Mason, Ohio, asserts that for many young individuals, alcohol is typically the first substance they encounter, resulting in a higher likelihood of experimenting with additional drugs later on.
“While many can consume alcohol without significant consequences, for some, it can be devastating,” Tuell states.
He emphasizes that alcohol consumption can impair judgment, leading to risky behaviors, like trying drugs outside of alcohol. Furthermore, Tuell points out research suggesting that alcohol can affect brain chemistry, thus increasing the risk of drug addiction.
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Jeremy Klemanski, an addiction specialist and CEO of Gateway Foundation in Chicago, supports the notion that alcohol serves as a gateway drug.
“Patients often report that their drug use began while they were drinking or that they turned to other drugs after their initial introduction to alcohol,” he comments.
Studies from the National Institute on Drug Abuse indicate that early exposure to alcohol might “prime the brain” for heightened reactions to other substances, potentially amplifying the risks associated with the gateway effect.
Contextual considerations
Experts stress that correlation does not imply causation in these situations.
Tuell cautions, “Just because individuals who abuse harder substances often start with alcohol, it doesn’t mean that alcohol is the direct cause of their subsequent drug use.”
Dr. Campbell agrees, emphasizing the importance of evaluating numerous factors that may contribute to substance use, including social context, stress factors, access to drugs, mental health issues, and genetics.
Recognizing dependency and seeking help
Spielvogel mentions warning signs of alcohol dependence that could make an individual more vulnerable to trying other harmful substances.
He explains that if someone has attempted to reduce their drinking without success or feels annoyed when questioned about their alcohol habits, these could be indicators of a problem.
Additional signs include feelings of guilt about drinking and consuming alcohol in the morning.
“It is crucial for individuals with a substance use disorder to seek professional assistance for detoxification and recovery,” he advises.
He warns against abrupt cessation from alcohol, noting the potential dangers: “Very few substances can cause severe harm or even death if usage is halted suddenly — alcohol is one of those.” He stresses the significance of professional support, whether in a treatment facility or through a healthcare provider, adding, “Do not attempt this alone.”
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