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New Genomic Data Illuminates Fruit Fly Evolutionary Pathways

In a groundbreaking study published in PLOS Biology on July 18, a team led by Bernard Kim from Stanford University, USA, has filled major gaps in the genomic data of fruit flies, enriching our understanding of their evolutionary history.

Fruit flies have long served as pivotal model organisms in various branches of biological research. As one of the first species to have their entire genome sequenced, they provide crucial insights into fundamental biological processes. Over 4,400 species of fruit flies exist, possessing a vast diversity that holds the potential for uncovering evolutionary patterns. However, only a small portion of these species have had their genomes sequenced, with most published sequences coming from a narrow range of species typically represented by inbred laboratory strains.

To overcome this limitation, the researchers embarked on sequencing the genomes of 179 species within the Drosophilidae family. This effort included samples from wild-caught flies, preserved specimens from museum collections, and strains reared in laboratories. They employed a hybrid sequencing technique, combining the latest short-read and long-read sequencing technologies to generate high-quality genome sequences cost-effectively, even from minimal starting material.

Utilizing these new genome sequences alongside existing data, the researchers constructed a phylogenetic tree encompassing 360 species within the Drosophilidae family. This refined tree offers a more detailed understanding of the evolutionary relationships among these species. Additionally, they aligned nearly 300 fruit fly genomes, creating an open-source comparative genomics tool that facilitates future research, including whole-genome alignments.

This study shows that while large-scale genomic sequencing projects for larger organisms like mammals are progressing, it is now also achievable for smaller organisms such as fruit flies. Remarkably, it includes specimens preserved in museums for up to 20 years.

The researchers highlight that it is now possible to contemplate assembling genomes for hundreds or even thousands of species, with the funding capacities of a single lab. This expansive clade-level sampling brings an unprecedented level of detail to the study of genome sequences across diverse groups. Such advancements are expected to significantly enhance our comprehension of evolutionary processes.

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