Photo credit: www.sciencedaily.com
Potential Blood Test for Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment
Researchers in a multicenter study spearheaded by UCLA are exploring a promising blood test that may revolutionize the way cognitive impairment and dementia are detected. Traditionally, the medical community has relied on MRI scans to observe biological markers that indicate damage from cognitive decline, often only recognizing issues after they have advanced significantly. However, this new research could allow for earlier identification of individuals at risk.
According to Dr. Jason Hinman, a vascular neurologist at UCLA Health and senior author of the study published in Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, the research focuses on a specific protein known as placental growth factor (PlGF). This protein is essential for blood vessel formation and appears to influence vascular permeability, which is linked to cognitive decline. The study analyzed a diverse cohort of patients with varying vascular risk factors and cognitive abilities, revealing that elevated plasma levels of PlGF could serve as a viable biomarker for monitoring cognitive health.
As researchers delve into the role of damaged blood vessel linings in the brain, it becomes clear that these dysfunctional cells are integral to the development of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), a significant contributor to cognitive decline and dementia. When these blood vessels become leaky, they allow harmful substances to infiltrate brain tissue, further exacerbating cognitive issues. Traditional methods for diagnosing CSVD, such as MRI, can be costly and typically reveal signs of damage, such as white matter hyperintensities (WMH), only in later stages of the disease.
The study explored the connections between plasma PlGF levels, a specialized MRI technique for assessing fluid buildup in the brain called white matter free water, the presence of WMH, and cognitive performance as measured by various assessments. The findings indicate that increased levels of PlGF correlate with heightened vascular permeability, fluid accumulation within brain white matter, the onset of WMH, and ultimately, an increase in cognitive deficits.
“This biomarker could serve as an economical tool for the early identification of patients at risk for vascular brain injuries, potentially before significant cognitive decline occurs,” remarked Dr. Kyle Kern, the study’s first author. He emphasized that a straightforward blood test not only benefits clinical practice but could also facilitate research by identifying suitable candidates for clinical trials.
The study’s participants were 55 years or older, with a broad spectrum of vascular risk factors and cognitive abilities. Recruitment was orchestrated through MarkVCID, a consortium aimed at validating biomarkers for CSVD, emphasizing the necessity of diversity in the patient population for comprehensive results. Researchers note that, while the study’s diverse design adds weight to the conclusion that PlGF is a promising biomarker, additional longitudinal studies are essential to clarify causative relationships among PlGF, fluid accumulation, WMH, and cognitive performance.
Looking ahead, the research team aims to extend their studies to younger populations. By potentially identifying and addressing vascular risk factors before cognitive impairment manifests, they hope to implement preventive measures that could halt or even reverse the consequences of vascular-related brain injuries. As they continue their work, they are actively seeking participants for upcoming studies.
Source
www.sciencedaily.com